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Disease
Introduction | Identification | Impacts | Causes | Actions | More Info

More Information
Publication
Antonius, A. 1981. The ‘band’ diseases in coral reefs. In: Proceedings of the Fourth International Coral Reef Symposium, Manila, Philippines. 2: 7-14.  
Aronson, R. B. and W. F. Precht. 1997. Stasis, biological disturbance, and community structure of a Holocene coral reef.. Paleobiology. 23(3): 326-346.  
Clark, J.R. 1996. Coral reef management, Part 2.7. In: Coastal Zone Management. Lewis Publishers: Boca Raton, Florida.  
Edmunds, P.J. 1991. Extent and effect of black band disease on a Caribbean reef. Coral Reefs. 10: 161-165.  
Garzon-Ferreira, J. and S. Zea. 1992. A mass mortality of Gorgonia ventalina (Cnidaria: Gorgoniidae) in the Santa Marta area, Caribbean coast of Colombia. Bulletin of Marine Science. 50: 522-526.  
Gil-Agudelo, D.L. and J. Garzón-Ferreira. 2001. Spatial and seasonal variation of dark spots disease in coral communities of the Santa Marta area (Columbian Caribbean). Bulletin of Marine Science. 69: 619-630.  
Gladfelter, W.B. 1982. White-band disease in Acropora palmata: implications for the structure and growth of shallow reefs. Bulletin of Marine Science. 32: 639-643.  
Goreau et al. 1998. Rapid spread of diseases in Caribbean coral reefs. Rev. Biol. Trop. 46(Supl 5): 157-171.  
Green, E P. and A.W. Bruckner. 2000. The significance of coral disease epizootiology for coral reef conservation. Biological Conservation. 93(3): 347-361.  
Kushmaro, A., Y. Loya, M. Fine, and E. Rosenberg. 1996. Bacterial infection and coral bleaching. Nature. 380-396.  
Mitchell, R. and I. Chet. 1975. Bacterial attack of corals in polluted seawater. Microbial Ecology. 2: 227-233.  
Peters, E.C. 1997. Diseases of coral reef organisms. In: Life and Death of Coral Reefs. C. Birkeland, ed. Chapman & Hall: New York. pp.114-139.  
Porter, J.W., Dustan, P., Jaap, W.C. and J.L. Wheaton. 1999. Patterns of distribution and spread of coral disease in the Florida Keys. International Conference on Scientific Aspects of Coral Reef Assessment, Monitoring and Restoration, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, Abstract, 155.  
Richardson, L.L. 1998. Coral diseases: What is really known? Trends in Ecology and Evolution. 13: 438-443.  
Richardson, L.L. and R.B. Aronson. 2002. Infectious diseases continue to degrade coral reefs. In: Implications for Coral Reef Management and Policy: Relevant Findings from the 9th International Coral Reef Symposium. B.A. Best R.S. Pomeroy and C.M. Balboa, eds. Link  
Bruckner, A.W. 2001. Coral health and mortality: Recognizing signs of coral diseases and predators. In: Reef Coral Identification. Humann and Deloach, eds. Caribbean Bahamas New World Publications, Inc.: Jacksonville, Florida. pp. 240-271.  
Hodgson, G. 1999. A global assessment of human effects on coral reefs. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 38(5): 345-355.  
Richardson L. and R. Aronson. 2002. Infectious diseases of reef corals. Proceedings of the 9th International Coral Reef Symposium. 2: 1225-1230.  
Rosenberg E. and Y. Ben-Haim. 2002. Microbial diseases of corals and global warming. Environmental Microbiology. 4: 318-326.  
Weil E., Urreiztieta I. And J. Garzon-Ferreira. 2002. Geographic variability in the incidence of coral and octocoral diseases in the wider Caribbean. Proceedings of the 9th International Coral Reef Symposium. 2: 1231-1243  


Organizations & Weblinks
McCarty, H. and E. Peters. The Coral Disease Page. Link  
National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Marine Fisheries Service, Office of Protected Resources. Diseases of reef-building corals. Link  
NOAA. Coral Health and Monitoring Program. Coral disease identification and information Link  
NOAA’s Coral Reef Information System (CORIS). Link  
NOAA’s Coral Health and Monitoring Program. Literature Abstracts. Link  
World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Global coral disease database. Link  
NOAA Major reef-building coral diseases. Link  
Reef Relief. Scientific studies index. Link  




Photo Gallery
ReefBase. Seriatopora with black band disease. Link  
ReefBase. Porites spp. with pink band disease. Link  


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